The use of a two-step interrogation tactic, obtaining a full un-Mirandized confession before seeking a Miranda waiver and a second confession, precludes a finding that the waiver was knowingly and intelligently made.

The Automobile Exception to the search warrant requirement allows for the warrantless search of a vehicle when officers have probable cause to believe it contains evidence of a crime. Searching cellphones requires a search warrant. Miranda does…

A detained individual may be subjected to a patdown for weapons only when there is a reasonable suspicion to believe that he may be armed. A full body search requires probable cause to believe the subject possesses contraband or other evidence of a…

Warrantless searches within the curtilage of one’s home must be supported by both probable cause and exigent circumstances.

Officers are entitled to qualified immunity from civil liability unless the rules violated are clearly established. A confession after a clear and unequivocal invocation of one’s right to counsel is inadmissible at trial. Interrogation tactics…